a. The grid operator specifies a maximum grid connection capacity.

b. In our example, REFUdrive, this capacity is 89 kW. This grid connection costs 1.56 cents/kWh.

c. If power consumption frequently exceeds the grid connection limit for more than 15 minutes, the grid operator will increase the grid connection costs year-round.

d. The EMS prevents this by smartly controlling consumers and/or the battery storage system.

a. The energy supplier specifies a purchase volume.

b. In our example, REFUdrive, a purchase range (Take or Pay) of 85% to 115% is contractually defined.

c. If the actual consumption is below or above this range, additional costs are incurred.

d. The EMS prevents this through intelligent control of consumers and/or the battery storage system.

a. The energy supplier calculates the power supply based on historical data. Since future consumption cannot be precisely predicted, a risk premium is added to the energy price.

b. The EMS reduces this risk premium due to its high accuracy in forecasting future energy consumption.